The presence of circulating immune complex (CIC) was studied in 65 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, as detected by 4 different techniques, and correlated with the clinical staging and histological grading of the tumour. CIC was found in all grades and stages of TCC of the urinary bladder. Percent positivity for CIC detected by polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG) and latex agglutination inhibition (LAI) techniques was found to be increased and that detected by anticomplementary activity (ACA) decreased with advancing stages of the disease.

The presence of sperm antibodies and its relation to testicular changes was investigated in 73 azoospermic men. A significantly higher incidence of sperm antibodies was found in azoospermic men as compared to fertile controls (P less than.01). Testicular biopsies of azoospermic men revealed no inflammatory cells in the seminiferous tubules.

The recent introduction of the Perez-Castro rigid uretero-renoscope has made endoscopy of the ureter and renal pelvis a routine procedure. At present, the most common indication for ureterorenoscopy is the retrieval of ureteric stones. We report our experience with the Storz rigid uretero-renoscope, used on 62 occasions between June 1984 and June 1986. 64 percent of our cases were subjected to ureterorenoscopy for the retrieval of ureteric stones and we were successful in 52 percent of them. Our success rate was higher in the lower ureteric calculi and in female patients. Success rates can be improved upon by the simultaneous use of an x-ray screening facility and ultrasonic lithotripsy, for stones larger than 1cm. in size. The incidence of complications is low and the most common complication is a post-operative spasmodic pain similar to a ureteric colic lasting for 24-48 hours.

An accurate estimation of the weight of the prostate preoperatively, in benign prostatic hyperplasia, is of immense help to the surgon. In this series of 100 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia, the transabdominal ultrasonographic method was used to estimate the prostatic weight preoperatively and the results were compared with the post-operative weights. Our result shows that the accuracy of this method is as high as 90 percent. In additional, this method is economical, safe, simple, non-invasive and atraumatic for the patient.

A retrospective analysis of 54 patients of proved genito-urinary tuberculosis, treated between the period 1978 to 1983, was carried out to determine the treatment response. Eighteen patients out of 54 received the conventional drugs consisting of streptomycin, isoniazid and paraamino salycylic acid, whereas the remaining 36, who presented after 1980, were given the modern chemotherapeutic drugs-namely rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. The incidence of surgical complications was 16.6 percent in the former group and 30.5 percent in the latter. The effective control of the disease process with modern drugs appears to be associated with rapidly progressive scarring and severe tissue destruction. This necessitates the need for close supervision starting at the initiation of drug treatment and monthly followup (at least in the initial 6 months) to enable early detection of complications and surgical intervention if indicated to conserve the renal function.

A 7-year experience in the management of 93 cases of traumatic urethral strictures is presented. Important points in the selection and execution of the various operative procedures are brought out in order to provide optimum care to an individual patient.

Various surgical procedures have been advocated in the management of priapism aimed at the immediate detumescence of priapus penis while preserving erectile function. Fifteen patients with a total of ninteen episodes of priapism were managed using caverno-glandu-lar shunts in our centre. In 3 patients, a total of 4 recurrent episodes were managed by repetition of the procedure. The outcome is comparable with the results of the other surgical procedures and the advantages of the procedure are outlined. In our experience, non-specific expectant treatment has no influence on detumescence.

A study was undertaken to assess the pattern of emergency urologic cases in a referral hospital in North-Western India which is situated in an endemic region for urolithiasis. All patients reporting to the surgical emergency were studied over a period of one month. 18.25 percent of the patients who attended PGI emergency required urologic care. Of these, 31.51 percent required observation in the emergency whereas 49.31 percent of patients needed admission. These emergency admissions constituted 48.84 percent of the total admissions to the urologic service of this institute during the study period. 82.19 percent of the urological patients belonged to the poorer section of the society (monthly income less than 300 rupees). 24.25 percent of patients had sustained genitourinary/spinal cord trauma. Creation of a trauma hospital/spinal cord injury centre for civilian population is likely to decrease the morbidity and morality of these patients. Provision of a separate emergency observation ward would lessen the work-load of emergency out-patients. This investigation should be carried out periodically in various regions of the country to perceive the changes in the pattern of urologic illness which are likely to occur with continuing progress being made in the medical sciences. The data collected by means of such investigation would help in hospital planning and optimum deployment of human and material resources.

Two cases of benign multilocular cystic nephroma are described and the relevant literature is reviewed.

A case of renal rhabdomyosarcoma is reported and the relevant literature is briefly discussed.

Heterotopic bone formation in metastases from a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder outside the bladder neck area, with a highlight on the unique potential of the urothelium is reported.

A case of mixed bladder tumour containing transitional. adenomatous and squamous elements is reported.

A case of adenocarcinoma of the rete testis is presented, to document the occurrence of this rare tumour and to trace the course of the disease.

Paraurethral cysts in a female may be acquired or congenital and have a distinct histologic origin. A patient with a paraurethral cyst of urogenital sinus origin (Skene's gland cyst) is described and the literature is reviewed.

Four cases of coronal hypospadias with normal prepuce are reported and the relevant literature including embryogenesis is briefly discussed.