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EDUCATION |
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| Year : 2002 | Volume
: 18
| Issue : 2 | Page : 213-218 |
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"The stepladder approach" for education in laparoscopic surgery and an action plan for laparoscopic surgery education in Indian urology
Santosh Kumar
Department of Urology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
Correspondence Address:
Santosh Kumar
Department of Urology, JIPMER, Pondicherry - 605 006
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
 Abstract | | |
Attention is being paid to the education in laparoscopic urological surgery which has become an important treatment method. This article briefly describes the challenges of different types of surgeries and the basic concepts of educational process. "The Stepladder Approach" for laparoscopic surgery education is suggested and its two components "The Stepladder of Educational Objectives" and "The Stepladder of Educational Experiences" are described along with the examples of evaluation methods. Finally, an action plan for laparoscopic surgery education in Indian urology is suggested.
Keywords: Stepladder Approach; Education; Laparoscopic Surgery
How to cite this article:
Kumar S. "The stepladder approach" for education in laparoscopic surgery and an action plan for laparoscopic surgery education in Indian urology. Indian J Urol 2002;18:213-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Kumar S. "The stepladder approach" for education in laparoscopic surgery and an action plan for laparoscopic surgery education in Indian urology. Indian J Urol [serial online] 2002 [cited 2021 Jul 27];18:213-8. Available from: https://www.indianjurol.com/text.asp?2002/18/2/213/37651 |
| Introduction | |  |
Laparoscopic surgery has come to stay in urology and attention is being paid to imparting education in laparoscopic urological surgery. [1],[2],[3],[4] This article briefly describes the challenges of different types of surgeries and the basic concepts of educational process. "The Stepladder Approach" for education in laparoscopic surgery is suggested and its two components "The Stepladder of Educational Objectives" and "The Stepladder of Educational Experiences" are described along with the examples of evaluation methods. Finally, an action plan for laparoscopic surgery education in Indian urology is suggested.
| I. The Challenges of Different Types of Surgeries | | |
Different types of surgeries require different tactile, manipulative and visual skills of the surgeon [Table - 1]. These skill requirements become more and more complex from open surgery through transurethral surgery, ureterorenoscopic surgery, percutaneous renal surgery, laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery making the performance of these surgeries more and more complicated from the view point of technology as well as surgeon's skills.
| II. The Basic Concepts of Educational Process | | |
Education is a process the chief goal of which is to bring about desirable changes in the behaviour of the learner. [5] The term "behaviour" in general English means deportment, manners or way of conducting oneself [6] but in educational science it has a wider meaning and it includes ways of thinking, feeling and doing. Furthermore, the behaviour of the learner is defined in the form of educational objectives.
Educational process consists of the three components of educational objectives, educational experiences and evaluation methods [Figure - 1]. These three components, which are interconnected and interrelated by feedback, are defined and described later with examples from the field of urological laparoscopic surgery.
Educational objectives are statements which describe what the learners should be able to do at the end of a learning period that they could not do beforehand. [5] Educational objectives define what the learner should be able to do. Hence they are also called learning objectives.
Teaching objective
The teacher should be able to teach the learners how to perform basic laparoscopic surgeries in urology.
Learning objective
At the end of MCh (Urology) course, the learners should be able to perform basic laparoscopic surgeries in urology.
Educational objectives should always be written as learning objectives and not as teaching objectives because learning objectives exactly tell the learners what they are expected to learn.
| III. 'The Stepladder Approach' | | |
"The Stepladder Approach" for education in laparoscopic surgery is suggested. "The Stepladder Approach" is designed to facilitate the learning of laparoscopic surgery in systematic, step-wise and orderly fashion. "The Stepladder Approach" is based on well-known principles of education in which a complex learning task is divided into smaller tasks which are then arranged in a simple to complex order to facilitate learning. [7] "The Stepladder Approach" consists of "The Stepladder of Educational Objectives" and "The Stepladder of Educational Experiences".
| IV. 'The Stepladder of Educational Objectives' | | |
"The Stepladder of Educational Objectives" in laparoscopic urological surgery is given in [Figure - 2]. Under Objective 1, learners should be able to create pneumoperitoneum, insert laparoscopic ports, remove these ports and close port sites. Under Objective 2, learners should be able to identify normal urinary and male genital structures, their anatomical relations and their abnormalities and diseases during laparoscopy. Under Objective 3, learners should be able to perform various operative manipulations such as tissue fixation, tissue dissection, tissue apposition and closure, tissue retrieval, hemostasis and vascular control. Under Objective 4, learners should be able to perform basic laparoscopic surgeries such as orchiopexy, unroofing of simple renal cyst and simple nephrectomy for small nonfunctioning kidney. Under Objective 5, learners should be able to perform advanced laparoscopic surgeries such as simple nephrectomy for benign diseases.
"The Stepladder Approach" requires that learners start at the first step (Objective 1) and they move to the next higher step only when they have demonstrated desired competence in the performance of the first step on an appropriate evaluation.
| V. 'The Stepladder of Educational Experiences' | | |
"The Stepladder of Educational Experiences" in laparoscopic urological surgery is given in [Figure - 3]. "The Stepladder Approach" requires that for each "Educational Objective of the Stepladder" learners start at the first step and they move to the next higher step only when they have demonstrated desired competence in the performance of the first step on an appropriate evaluation. Thus for each "Educational Objective of the Stepladder" the entire "Stepladder of the Educational Experiences' is to be used appropriately. However, for some "Educational Objectives of the Stepladder" some "Educational Experiences of the Stepladder" may not be necessary.
| VI. Evaluation Methods | | |
Evaluation methods for various "Educational Objectives of the Stepladder" usually consist of checklists enumerating various sequential steps of the procedure. Each step is assessed for its satisfactory performance. As an example, [Table - 2] gives a checklist for the evaluation of the procedure of creating pneumoperitoneum. [8] In another example, [Table - 3] gives a checklist for the evaluation of the procedure of transperitoneal laparoscopic unroofing of simple renal cyst. [8]
| VII. An Action Plan for Laparoscopic Surgery Education in Indian Urology | | |
An action plan for education in laparoscopic urological surgery in Indian urology is given in [Table - 4]. All MCh (or DNB) training centres should have facilities for laparoscopic surgery. Regional laparoscopic surgery centres should perform advanced laparoscopic surgery and should also have facilities of advanced endotrainers, virtual reality and animal laboratory.
| References | | |
| 1. | Cadeddu JA, Wolfe JS, Nakada S, et al. Complications of laparoscopic procedures after concentrated training in urological laparoscopy. Journal of Urology 2001; 166: 2109-2111.  |
| 2. | Traxer O, Gettman MT, Napper CA, et al. The impact of intense laparoscopic skills training on the operative performance of urology residents. Journal of Urology 2001; 166: 1658-1661. |
| 3. | Rosser JC Jr, Murayama M. Gabriel NH. Minimally invasive surgical training solutions for the twenty-first century. Surgical Clinics of North America 2000; 80: 1607-1624. |
| 4. | Bhandari M, Rao HSG. Training and credentials in urology. In Hema AK, ed, Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery. New Delhi : BI Churchill Livingstone Pvt Ltd. 2000; 303-307. |
| 5. | Guilbert JJ. Educational Handbook for Health Professional. Geneva :World Health Organisation, 1981. |
| 6. | The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Sixth Edition. Delhi : Oxford University Press, 1980. |
| 7. | Anderson LW, Block JH. Mastery learning model of teaching and learning. In : International Encyclopaedia of Education. London Pergamon Press, 1985. |
| 8. | Winfield HN. Laparoscopic surgery. In : Tanagho EA, McAninch JW, eds, Smith's General Urology. Fifteenth Edition. New York Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2000; 146-182. |
[Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3]
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3], [Table - 4]
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